{"id":24467,"date":"2025-08-26T12:48:55","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T10:48:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/?p=24467"},"modified":"2025-08-26T12:49:25","modified_gmt":"2025-08-26T10:49:25","slug":"the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/","title":{"rendered":"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Spinas E. The proteasome is crucial for the degradation of viral and bacterial proteins.\u00a0 <em>International Journal of Infection. <\/em>2025;9(2):50-52.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>E. Spinas<sup>*<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.<\/p>\n<p><em>*Correspondence to:<\/em><br \/>\nEnrico Spinas, M.D.,<br \/>\nDepartment of Surgical Sciences,<br \/>\nUniversity of Cagliari,<br \/>\nCagliari, Italy.<br \/>\ne-mail: <a href=\"mailto:enricospinas@tiscali.it\">enricospinas@tiscali.it<\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 97.3735%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.3958%; text-align: left;\" width=\"321\">Received: 30 May, 2025<br \/>\nAccepted: 02 July, 2025<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/IJI-2025-92-Spinas_50-52.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-21604 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/ejnd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg\" alt=\"adobe-pdf-download-icon\" width=\"100\" height=\"103\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 151.057%; text-align: right;\" width=\"321\">ISSN 1972-6945 [online]<br \/>\nCopyright 2025 \u00a9 by Biolife-publisher<br \/>\nThis publication and\/or article is for individual use only and may not be further reproduced without written permission from the copyright holder. Unauthorized reproduction may result in financial and other penalties. Disclosure: all authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>KEYWORDS:<\/strong><em> Proteasome, virus, bacteria, infection, inflammatory response <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The 26S proteasome is an intracellular protein complex implicated in the immune response against infections that is responsible for the degradation of viral and bacterial proteins (1). This proteasome exerts its biological action on ubiquitin-tagged proteins, degrading them into small peptides (2). This effect is crucial for the recycling of damaged proteins, the regulation of cell signaling proteins, and the control of the cell cycle and apoptosis. The proteasome degrades both viral and bacterial proteins in infectious diseases.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The 26S proteasome, which recognizes the polyubiquitin chain, is composed of a 20S core and two 19S regulatory subunits (3). The latter recognize the removed ubiquitin chain and unwind target proteins, translocating them to the 20S catalytic core. In degradation, the 20S core has protease activity (via the subunit) similar to chemotrypsin, trypsin, and peptide-glutamyl peptidases. The protein is degraded into peptides of approximately 8\u201310 amino acids (4).<\/p>\n<p>When a virus or intracellular bacterium infects a cell, the proteins are released into the cytosol and translated within the host cell. The proteins are recognized as foreign and degraded by the proteasome. The peptides resulting from degradation are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum via the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and loaded onto major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) (5). These peptides are exported to the cell membrane and recognized by CD8+ lymphocytes. This mechanism is important for the immune system and triggers a cytotoxic response (Fig.1).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-24468\" src=\"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/92-Spinas-Fig.1-300x257.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/92-Spinas-Fig.1-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/92-Spinas-Fig.1-768x657.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/92-Spinas-Fig.1.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fig. 1.<\/strong> <em>When the target cell is infected by intracellular viruses, proteasomes degrade viral proteins. Antigenic peptides from the degraded proteins are exposed on the target cells and are recognized by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) on CD8+ cells. When activated, CD8+ immune cells kill the viral-infected target cells.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After degradation, the peptides are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP, where they bind to MHC-I, which exposes the peptides to the cell surface. At this point, cytotoxic cells recognize these antigenic peptides and lyse virus-infected cells. During inflammation, the immunoproteasome facilitates the production of peptides for antigen presentation.<\/p>\n<p>In the inflammatory response, the proteasome regulates the degradation of the inhibitory protein inhibitor of kappa B (IkB). The 26S proteasome plays an important role in controlling the quality of proteins, including viral and bacterial proteins which enter the cytosol and are tagged with ubiquitin, a small protein covalently linked to lysine residues of the target protein. Tagging occurs through the action of three enzymes: E1, E2, and E3 (6). E1 activates ubiquitin, E2 conjugates ubiquitin, and E3 creates a specific substrate binding that confers specificity.<\/p>\n<p>Viruses and bacteria can activate an evasive strategy to avoid their lysis. For example, they can inhibit the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Another method of microbial evasion involves inhibiting TAP or even preventing peptide loading onto MHC-I.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In conclusion, the 26S proteasome plays an important role in the immune response against intracellular viruses and bacteria by degrading pathogenic proteins and contributing to antigen presentation. In the immune response against viruses, the proteasome is crucial for protein processing and the production of antigenic peptides that are presented to MHC-I and recognized by cytotoxic CD8+ cells.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Conflict of interest <\/em><\/p>\n<p>The author declares that they have no conflict of interest.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Badi I, Cinquetti R, Frascoli M, et al. Intracellular ANKRD1 protein levels are regulated by 26S proteasome\u2010mediated degradation. <em>FEBS Letters<\/em>. 2009;583(15):2486-2492. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.07.001<\/li>\n<li>Glickman MH, Ciechanover A. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway: destruction for the sake of construction. <em>Physiological Reviews<\/em>. 2002;82(2):373-428. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00027.2001<\/li>\n<li>Kunjappu MJ, Hochstrasser M. Assembly of the 20S proteasome. <em>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) &#8211; Molecular Cell Research<\/em>. 2014;1843(1):2-12. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.03.008<\/li>\n<li>Vigneron N, Ferrari V, Stroobant V, Abi Habib J, Van den Eynde BJ. Peptide splicing by the proteasome. <em>The Journal of Biological Chemistry<\/em>. 2017;292(51):21170-21179. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.R117.807560<\/li>\n<li>Eggensperger S, Tamp\u00e9 R. The transporter associated with antigen processing: a key player in adaptive immunity. <em>Biological Chemistry<\/em>. 2015;396(9-10):1059-1072. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hsz-2014-0320<\/li>\n<li>Dikic I, Schulman BA. An expanded lexicon for the ubiquitin code. <em>Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology<\/em>. 2023;24(4):273-287. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-022-00543-1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spinas E. The proteasome is crucial for the degradation of&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1035,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_members_access_role":[],"_members_access_error":""},"categories":[3216],"tags":[33,1177,391,3229,1285],"class_list":["post-24467","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2025-vol-9-issue-n-2","tag-bacteria","tag-infection","tag-inflammatory-response","tag-proteasome","tag-virus"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS - International Journal of Infection<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Founded in 1987, BIOLIFE is an independent, academic publisher of innovative, high-quality content. We believe in meeting the range of their needs, and in publishing the best of their work.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS - International Journal of Infection\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Founded in 1987, BIOLIFE is an independent, academic publisher of innovative, high-quality content. We believe in meeting the range of their needs, and in publishing the best of their work.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"International Journal of Infection\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/piocontieditor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-08-26T10:48:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-08-26T10:49:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Biolife Publisher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ContiPio\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ContiPio\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Biolife Publisher\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Biolife Publisher\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3ff9f2ff4e840fc32ec27254e528890d\"},\"headline\":\"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-26T10:48:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-08-26T10:49:25+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":809,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/ejnd\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"BACTERIA\",\"infection\",\"inflammatory response\",\"proteasome\",\"virus\"],\"articleSection\":[\"2025 Vol. 9 Issue n. 2\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/\",\"name\":\"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS - International Journal of Infection\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/ejnd\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-26T10:48:55+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-08-26T10:49:25+00:00\",\"description\":\"Founded in 1987, BIOLIFE is an independent, academic publisher of innovative, high-quality content. We believe in meeting the range of their needs, and in publishing the best of their work.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/ejnd\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/ejnd\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/\",\"name\":\"Biolife - Scientific Publisher\",\"description\":\"Biolife - Scientific Publisher\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Biolife Scientific Publisher\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/IJI_logo_NEW.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/IJI_logo_NEW.png\",\"width\":1119,\"height\":200,\"caption\":\"Biolife Scientific Publisher\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/piocontieditor\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/ContiPio\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.biolife-publisher.it\\\/iji\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/3ff9f2ff4e840fc32ec27254e528890d\",\"name\":\"Biolife Publisher\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/e7bce33a125696409d68fb1ff4b921fe53956ddf6605dbf93dc9029ad7471b8c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/e7bce33a125696409d68fb1ff4b921fe53956ddf6605dbf93dc9029ad7471b8c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/e7bce33a125696409d68fb1ff4b921fe53956ddf6605dbf93dc9029ad7471b8c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Biolife Publisher\"},\"url\":false}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS - International Journal of Infection","description":"Founded in 1987, BIOLIFE is an independent, academic publisher of innovative, high-quality content. We believe in meeting the range of their needs, and in publishing the best of their work.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS - International Journal of Infection","og_description":"Founded in 1987, BIOLIFE is an independent, academic publisher of innovative, high-quality content. We believe in meeting the range of their needs, and in publishing the best of their work.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/","og_site_name":"International Journal of Infection","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/piocontieditor","article_published_time":"2025-08-26T10:48:55+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-08-26T10:49:25+00:00","author":"Biolife Publisher","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@ContiPio","twitter_site":"@ContiPio","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Biolife Publisher","Estimated reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/"},"author":{"name":"Biolife Publisher","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#\/schema\/person\/3ff9f2ff4e840fc32ec27254e528890d"},"headline":"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS","datePublished":"2025-08-26T10:48:55+00:00","dateModified":"2025-08-26T10:49:25+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/"},"wordCount":809,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/ejnd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg","keywords":["BACTERIA","infection","inflammatory response","proteasome","virus"],"articleSection":["2025 Vol. 9 Issue n. 2"],"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/","url":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/","name":"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS - International Journal of Infection","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/ejnd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg","datePublished":"2025-08-26T10:48:55+00:00","dateModified":"2025-08-26T10:49:25+00:00","description":"Founded in 1987, BIOLIFE is an independent, academic publisher of innovative, high-quality content. We believe in meeting the range of their needs, and in publishing the best of their work.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/ejnd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/ejnd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/adobe-pdf-download-icon-e1713175734457.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/the-proteasome-is-crucial-for-the-degradation-of-viral-and-bacterial-proteins\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"THE PROTEASOME IS CRUCIAL FOR THE DEGRADATION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL PROTEINS"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/","name":"Biolife - Scientific Publisher","description":"Biolife - Scientific Publisher","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#organization","name":"Biolife Scientific Publisher","url":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IJI_logo_NEW.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IJI_logo_NEW.png","width":1119,"height":200,"caption":"Biolife Scientific Publisher"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/piocontieditor","https:\/\/x.com\/ContiPio"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/#\/schema\/person\/3ff9f2ff4e840fc32ec27254e528890d","name":"Biolife Publisher","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e7bce33a125696409d68fb1ff4b921fe53956ddf6605dbf93dc9029ad7471b8c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e7bce33a125696409d68fb1ff4b921fe53956ddf6605dbf93dc9029ad7471b8c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/e7bce33a125696409d68fb1ff4b921fe53956ddf6605dbf93dc9029ad7471b8c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Biolife Publisher"},"url":false}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1035"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24467"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24471,"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24467\/revisions\/24471"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24467"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24467"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biolife-publisher.it\/iji\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}