PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION IN DRUG-RESISTANT MOOD DISORDERS AND MUSCLE METABOLISM

M.J. Conti^1* and R. Nisticò²

¹ S. Andrea University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy;
² Laboratory of Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, EBRI Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome, Italy.

*Correspondence to:
Michelangelo J. Conti, MD,
S. Andrea University La Sapienza,
Rome, Italy.
e-mail: michelangeloconti99@gmail.com

Received: 10 June, 2025 Accepted: 25 August, 2025

ISSN 2975-044X (online) ISSN 2038-4106 (print) Copyright © by BIOLIFE 2025 This publication and/or article is for individual use only and may not be further reproduced without written permission from the copyright holder. Unauthorized reproduction may result in financial and other penalties. Disclosure: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

ABSTRACT

Skeletal muscle has a significant impact on drug distribution and can influence pharmacokinetics and drug resistance due to myokines that are produced during muscular activity. The activity of muscle interacts with the central nervous system (CNS), influencing metabolism and modulating drug-resistant mood disorders by affecting neuroendocrine signaling. Antidepressant medications have often proven treatment-resistant in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Optimal clinical psychopharmacological therapy can achieve maximum efficacy with minimal side effects. Individualized therapy can produce rapid and effective antidepressant effects in patients with mood and anxiety disorders, where some medications have often proven treatment-resistant. It can be concluded that both psychopharmacological therapy and the application of strategies that include dosage optimization, the study of pharmacokinetic factors, and individualized treatment with personalized clinical practice can improve various pathologies, including those of the CNS.

KEYWORDS: Muscle metabolism, depression, drug-resistance, mood disorder, pharmacokinetic